Zheng Zhenduo (Cheng Chen-to; December 19, 1898 – October 17, 1958),

courtesy name A courtesy name (), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in the East Asian cultural sphere, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.Ulrich Theob ...

Xidi, was a Chinese journalist, writer, archaeologist and scholar. His pen names were Baofen (寶芬), Guo Yuanxin (郭源新) and CT. He made a significant contribution towards the establishment of the Chinese literature and the editing of a variety of literary magazines. In 1921, he, Geng Jizhi (耿濟之), Jiang Boli (蔣百里), Shen Yanbing (沈雁冰) and others organized ''Wenxue yanjiu hui'' (Literary Study Society 文學研究會). In 1923, he became the chief editor of ''

Fiction Monthly The ''Fiction Monthly'' ( ''Xiaoshuo Yuebao''; Original English title: ''The Short Story Magazine'') was a Chinese literary journal published by the Commercial Press in Shanghai. First published in July 1910, its original editors were Yun Tieqiao ...

'' (小說月報). In addition, he in succession participated in editing min chao(閩潮), ''xin Shehui'' (新社會), ''wenxue xunkan'' (文學旬刊). In late 1931, he became a professor at both

Yenching University Yenching University (), was a university in Beijing, China, that was formed out of the merger of four Christian colleges between the years 1915 and 1920. The term "Yenching" comes from an alternative name for old Beijing, derived from its status ...

and

Tsinghua University Tsinghua University (; abbr. THU) is a national public research university in Beijing, China. The university is funded by the Ministry of Education. The university is a member of the C9 League, Double First Class University Plan, Projec ...

, the president of Faculty of Arts and the director of Chinese department of

Jinan University Jinan University (JNU, ) is a public research university based in Guangzhou, China. "Jinan" literally means "reaching southward", indicating the university's original mission to disseminate Chinese learning and culture from North to South when ...

. He was also the chief editor of ''Shijie wenku'' (The World's Library 世界文庫) at the same time. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, he was assigned to be head of the Cultural Relic Bureau (文物局), Director of the Institute of Archaeology of the

Chinese Academy of Sciences The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); ), known by Academia Sinica in English until the 1980s, is the national academy of the People's Republic of China for natural sciences. It has historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the Republi ...

and literary research institute, the assistant minister of cultural department, committee member of

State Council State Council may refer to: Government * State Council of the Republic of Korea, the national cabinet of South Korea, headed by the President * State Council of the People's Republic of China, the national cabinet and chief administrative auth ...

scientific program committee and Chinese Academy of Science philosophical social sciences, the vice-chairman of Chinese folk literature and art research council, etc. He died in a

plane crash An aviation accident is defined by the Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex 13 as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft, which takes place from the time any person boards the aircraft with the ''intention of fl ...

in the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

during his journey in 1958.

Biography

Family

Zheng Zhenduo was born on 19 December 1898 in Yongjia,

Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , Chinese postal romanization, also romanized as Chekiang) is an East China, eastern, coastal Provinces of China, province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable citie ...

Province. His ancestral home was in

Changle (, Foochow Romanized: Diòng-lŏ̤h) is one of 6 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian Province, China. It occupies a land area of and a sea area of . Changle was established in the sixth year of Em ...

Fujian Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its cap ...

province. He was born in a poor family. Together with two younger sisters, he was raised by his mother because his father and grandfather died when he was still a teenager. He was named "Zhenduo" (振鐸) by his grandfather. "Zhen" (振) denotes arousing an action and "Duo" (鐸) is a kind of big bell. His grandfather wanted him to ring like a great bell to summon and to arouse people. Besides, his grandfather gave him the childhood name "Mu Guan" (Wooden official 木官).

Schooling

In 1917, Zheng began studying at the Beijing Railway Management School (北京铁路管理传习所) and graduated in March 1921. Beyond classroom, he read a lot of books and developed an enormous interest in social sciences, Chinese literature and Western literature and thus developed a critical mind. During the

May Fourth Movement The May Fourth Movement was a Chinese anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919. Students gathered in front of Tiananmen (The Gate of Heavenly Peace) to protest the Chines ...

, he was a student representative, spreading the news of student movements in Beijing. In 1919, he helped publish two magazines called ''Xin Shehui'' (新社會 "New Society") and ''Jiuguo jiangyan zhoubao'' (救國講演周報 "National Salvation Speeches Weekly"). In January 1921, Zheng Zhenduo and twelve others, including

Mao Dun Shen Dehong (Shen Yanbing; 4 July 1896 – 27 March 1981), known by the pen name of Mao Dun, was a Chinese essayist, journalist, novelist, and playwright. Mao Dun, as a 20th-century Chinese novelist, literary and cultural critic, and Minis ...

and

Ye Shengtao Ye Shengtao (28 October 1894 – 16 February 1988) was a Chinese writer, journalist, educator, publisher and politician. He was a founder of the Association for Literary Studies (), the first literature association during the May Fourth Movement ...

founded the earliest literary society of the New Literature Movement, ''Wenxue yanjiu hui'' (Literary Research Association 文學研究會, also known as the Literary Association), which advocated realism and opposed art for art's sake.

Careers throughout his life

Zheng had been a journalist, a modern writer, archeology and a literature scholar throughout his life. In May 1921, Zheng helped set up a drama society called ''Minzhong Xiju She'' (Demotic opera troupe 民眾戲劇社) with

, Chen Dabei, Ouyang Yuqian, Xiong Foxi and other writers. They published a monthly magazine named ''Xiju'' (Drama 戲劇) on 31 May in the same year. In 1922, Zheng established the first magazine for children, '' Children's World'' (兒童世界) In January 1923, he became the chief editor of a monthly magazine of novel, ''

'' (小說月報). After the May 30 Incident in 1925, he helped founding a newspaper called ''Gongli Ribao'' (公理日報). From then on, he wrote many books including '' Zhongguo Wenxue Shi'' (History of Chinese literature 中國文學史, 1938) and '' 1943 Diary'' (1943年日記). Zheng had been a scholar giving lectures in universities, a researcher of the academy and a journalist since 1931. He taught in the Department of Chinese in

, in

from 1935 to 1941 as the Dean of faculty of Arts and in Peking University since 1953. After 1949, he became the Secretary for the Culture Department and Cultural Heritage Department in China.

Exile to France

In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek launched a sudden attack on thousands of suspected Communists in the area he controlled. Many innocent students and movement activists were killed. Writers, including Zheng, were under political pressure. Therefore, he left his family for France in May 1927. During the years living in Paris, he kept mailing his diary to his wife, which was published as a book named ''Ouxing Riji'' (Diary of travels in Europe 歐行日記).

Return to China

He continued his journalistic career after coming back to China in 1929 and founded ''Jiuwang Ribao'' (救亡日報). In October 1945, he founded a weekly magazine called ''Democracy'' (民主) to oppose Chiang Kai-shek's pro-US policy and urge people to stop civil wars.

Cultural Preservation

Due to the invasion of Japanese troops, Shanghai was besieged starting from 1937 and many significant cultural assets were lost. In the light of this, Zheng devoted himself to the rescue and protection of aged Chinese documents and antiques. Chen was a founding member of the Shanghai " Rare Book Preservation Society" and its leader. Disguising himself as a staff member in a stationery store, named Chan Sixun (陳思訓), he managed to save many aged books from damage or loss to the outside world.

Death

On 17 October 1958, Zheng led national cultural delegates to visit

Arabia The Arabian Peninsula, (; ar, شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, , "Arabian Peninsula" or , , "Island of the Arabs") or Arabia, is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plat ...

and

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...

. He died in the crash of a Tupolev Tu-104 in

Kanash Kanash (russian: Кана́ш; cv, Канаш, ''Kanaş'', lit. ''soviet'') is a town in the Chuvash Republic, Russia, located at a major railway junction from Cheboksary, the capital of the republic. Population: History It was founded in ...

, Chuvashia,

during the journey.

Journalism

Zheng started his journalistic career in the 1920s during the

. Together with some classmates including Zhong Tao (仲陶), he got a first taste of editing in starting a publication named '' Jiuguo Jiangyan Zhoukan'' (救國講演周刊). The magazine - being published in

Wenzhou Wenzhou (pronounced ; Wenzhounese: Yuziou �y33–11 tɕiɤu33–32 ), historically known as Wenchow is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Zhejiang province in the People's Republic of China. Wenzhou is located at the extreme south east ...

for only 6 to 7 times - was closed by the authorities since it enraged a government official. As one of the founders of a youth magazine, '' Xin Shehui'' (新社會), Zheng aimed at criticizing the Beijing government. It began its publication on 1 November 1919, which consisted of four pages. The aims of the magazine was to: #advocate the social service #discuss society problems #introduce social theories #research on common people education #record society matters #criticize society shortcomings #narrate society real states #report news of the organization Zheng gave many speeches about the student movement in Beijing. On top of criticizing, he wanted to make good use of the New Culture Movement (新文化運動) to publicize and promote new social ideals for the Chinese future development.

Chen Duxiu Chen Duxiu ( zh, t=陳獨秀, w=Ch'en Tu-hsiu; 8 October 187927 May 1942) was a Chinese revolutionary socialist, educator, philosopher and author, who co-founded the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) with Li Dazhao in 1921. From 1921 to 1927, h ...

suggested that '' Xin Shehui'' could be edited with a more approachable style accepted by the general public. The magazine was finally published on 1 November 1919 throughout China, arousing tides of attention from the public, especially amongst the young readers. However, as Zheng and his co-editors were still inexperienced in editing by that time, the magazine was thought to be immature in editing and too sloganeered. On the hand, the content of the magazine upset the military side of the government. Thus, in one month's time, the government called the publication to a halt. In addition, he established '' Wenxue Yanjiu Hui'' (Literary Study Society 文學研究會) with

and

in November 1920. In January 1923, he took over the position of chief editor of ''

'' from Mao Dun. He was the chief editor on and off for nearly 9 years. He advocated a literary advocacy of "Blood and Tears" and supported a writing style of realism. In June 1925, he founded a newspaper called ''Kongli Ribao'' (公理日報) with Wu Yuzhi and

in Shanghai. This newspaper was aimed at criticizing the "

May Thirtieth Incident The May Thirtieth Movement () was a major labor and anti-imperialist movement during the middle-period of the Republic of China era. It began when the Shanghai Municipal Police opened fire on Chinese protesters in Shanghai's International Settle ...

" and the rising foreign imperialism in China. Also, he contributed in various newspapers like '' Jiuguo Jiangyan Zhoubao'' (救國講演周報) and '' Xinxue Bao'' (新學報) to awaken Chinese people from old traditions. These articles were mainly about social issues and the evil deeds of the old traditional practices. Zheng wrote articles from different aspects like the liberation of women, morality, social psychology and the liberation of political power. They all advocated more people to rethink the old values position.

Contribution to literature

Translation

Zheng was proficient in foreign languages including English,

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

, Indian languages,

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

and

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

. He did a great job in translating a lot of Russian and Indian literature. Zheng had started translation of Russian literature since early 20s. His works included the works, paper and preface of

Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (; rus, links=no, Ива́н Серге́евич Турге́невIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; 9 November 1818 – 3 September 1883 (Old Style dat ...

(1818-1883),

Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; uk, link=no, Мико́ла Васи́льович Го́голь, translit=Mykola Vasyliovych Hohol; (russian: Яновский; uk, Яновський, translit=Yanovskyi) ( – ) was a Russian novelist, ...

(1809-1852), Chekov (1860-1904), Gorky (1868-1936) and

Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...

(1828-1910). Zheng also translated many Indian literature. He mainly translated the poems as well as the Indian ancient-times fable such as Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941). Zheng had translated a prominent number of Tagore's poems to Chinese since the 1920s. In October 1922, he published his translation of Stray Birds (飛鳥集). In August 1925, he published The Indian Fable (印度寓言). There were 55 translation works of his in total. Zheng started his study in Greek and Roman literature in his early age. In 1929, he published The Story of Love (戀愛的故事). Afterwards he translated The Hero Legends of Greek and Roman Myth Legends (希臘羅馬神話傳說中的英雄傳說). Then in 1935, he published a book called The Legends of Greece (希臘神話), which was three to four times thicker than his previous one. After liberation, in the second edition of The Legends of Greece, he introduced

Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

's well-known discourse in The Introductory of political and economical criticism (政治經濟批判導言) which was about ancient times mythology to analyze Greek mythology.

Literature Union

As the previous newspapers and magazines were banned by the government, Zheng believed that a proper established literature union would make things run easier. In January 1921, he established Wenxue Yanjiu Hui (Literary Study Society 文學研究會), which literally means literature research union, with Mao Dun(茅盾), Ye Shengtao (葉紹鈞) and 12 other people in the related field. The Union's first publication was Wenxue Xunkan (文學旬刊). It was published along with the well known newspaper called Shishi Xinbao (Current events newspaper 時事新報). He revealed the goal of the publication and the literature views of the union. He believed that literature is important and capable to influence the society. It was not merely an era, a place or one's reflection, but it acted as a frontier, which could affect the morality of human beings. Also, he strongly opposed to the old style of Chinese literature, of setting leisure and religions as main themes. He supported the writing of life – one theme in new realism literature approach. He also expressed his view on the development of Chinese literature. As the connection between the Chinese literature and the world's literature was far too little, the Chinese lofty spirit could not be shared by the rest of the world. He treated that as the Chinese's biggest humiliation. Therefore, he was so devoted in the field of literature, eagered to strive for a higher position of the Chinese literature in the world. Under the influence of the May Fourth Movement, he thought that the major responstility of the Chinese Literature was to inspire youngsters' revolutionary mission in order to strengthen the power of China.

Realism

Within the May Fourth movement, he adhered the direction of realism for New literature era. He thought literature liked 'mirror of a life'. This means his writing mostly revealed the real faces of societies. Also, he put a lot of emphasis on the importance of creative living. During his long composing and researching career, he showed a fully comprehensive realism of literature. He thought that literature must contribute to "life": :We need the "blood" of literature, "tears" of literature. Both of them will become the trend of Chinese literature; the writing consists of not only "blood" and "tears", but also consists of "literature"; the "blood" and "tears" experience and feeling of author are aesthetic for success in writing. Literature should consist of the highest ideal of the author, which form the soul of the article, in order to make it meaningful to the readers and the whole of society.

Classical literature

Starting from the late 1920s, Zheng was teaching Chinese literature History in universities. At that time, he did much in making research in Chinese classical writing. For example, he used his pen name, Bao Fun, to write Yuenqu Xulu (元曲敍錄) in the Novel Monthly (小說月報). Also, he finished editing The History of the Chinese Literature (中國文學史) in 1930.

Romanticism

Zheng put heavy emphasis on emotional elements in literature, highlighting its importance in distinguishing between literature and science. He advocated that literature functions to instill a passion in the readers' heart. One example was the historical novel, Arrest of the fire stealer (取火者的逮捕).

Works

Academic

*《中國古代木刻畫選集》 (''Zhongguo gu dai mu ke hua xuan ji'') (Selected ancient Chinese woodcuts) *《文學大綱》 (''Wen xue da gang'') (Outline of literature) *《插圖本中國文學史》 (''Cha tu ben Zhongguo wen xue shi'') (Illustrated history of Chinese literature) *《中國俗文學史》 (''Zhongguo su wen xue shi'') (History of Chinese popular literature) *《中國文學論集》 (''Zhongguo wen xue lun ji'') (Essays on Chinese literature) *《俄國文學史略》 (''Eguo wen xue shi lüe'') (Brief history of Russian literature) *《佝僂集》 (''Goulou ji'') (Rickets) *《西諦書話》 (''Xidi shu hua'') (Xidi on books) *《鄭振鐸文集》 (''Zheng Zhenduo wen ji'') (Collected works of Zheng Zhenduo) *《談〈金瓶梅詞話〉》 (''Tan Jin Ping Mei Cihua'') (On Plum in the Golden Vase) *《編輯方針與編輯計劃》 (''Bianji fangzhen yu bianji jihua) (Editing: policy and plan'' )

Novels

*《取火者的逮捕》 (''Arrest of the fire-stealer'') *《桂公塘》 (''Gui gong tang'') *《家庭的故事》 (''Jia Ting de Gu Shi'')

Prose

He wrote more than 20 prose texts and the following are some of the examples: *《中山集記》 (''Shan zhong Za Ji'') *《海燕》 (''Hai Yan'') *《避暑會》 (''Bei Shu Hui'') *《大同》 (''Da Tong'') *《山市》 (''Shan Shi'') *《離別》 (''Li Bie'') *《貓》 (''Mao'') (Cat) *《歐行日記》 (''Ou xing ri ji'' ) (''Diary of Travels in Europe'') *《最後一課》 (''Zui Hou yi ke'') *《月夜之話》 (''Rou Ye Ji Hua'' )

Magazines and newspapers

*新社會 (''Xin Shehui'') (''New Society'') *兒童世界 (''Children's World'') *戲劇 (''Xiju'')(''Drama'') *救國講演周刊 (''Jiuguo Jiangyan Zhoukan'') *小說月報 (''Novel Monthly'') *新學報 (''Xinxue Bao'') *時事新報 (''Shishi xinbao'') (''Current events newspaper'') *救亡日報 (''Jiuwang Ribao'')

Chief editing

*《世界文庫》 (''Shi jie wen ku'') (''The World's Library'') *《醒世恒言》 (Xingshi hengyan) *《警世通言》 (Jingshi tongyan)

Translation works

*《戀愛的故事》 (The Story of Love) *《飛鳥集》(StrayBird) *《俄國戰曲集》 (The Russian War Collections) *《灰色馬》 (Grey Horse) *《印度寓言》 (The Indian Fable) *《希臘羅馬神話傳說中的英雄傳說》 (The Hero Legends of Greek and Roman Myth Legends) *《希臘神話》 (The Legends of Greece) *《列那狐的歷史》 ( The History of Liena Fox)

References

* Chen, Fukang. (1996). ''Yi dai cai hua: Zheng Zhenduo zhuan'' 《一代才華:鄭振鐸傳》 (Biography of Zheng Zhenduo).

Shanghai Shanghai (; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ) is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flowin ...

: Shanghai People's Press (上海人民出版社). * Zheng, Erkang. (1998). ''Shiliu you hong le: huiyi wo de fuqin Zheng Zhenduo'' 《石榴又紅了：回憶我的父親鄭振鐸》 (The pomegranates are red again: Remembering my father, Zheng Zhenduo).

Beijing } Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...

: Renmin University Press (人民大學出版社). * Chen, Fukang. (1997). ''Ming jia jian zhuan shu xi:Zheng Zhenduo'' 《名家簡傳書系-鄭振鐸》(Biographies of famous figures: Zheng Zhenduo).

: Zhong guo hua qiao publishing house (中國華僑出版社). * Zheng, Zhenduo & Zheng, Erkang. (1986). ''Zhongguo xian dai zuo jia xuan ji - Zheng Zhenduo'' 《中國現代作家選集 – 鄭振鐸》. (Selected works of modern Chinese authors – Zheng Zhenduo)

Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta i ...

: San lian shu dian Xianggang fen dian;

: Renmin wenxue Press (人民大學出版社). * Zheng, Erkang. (2002). ''Xing yun gao qiu : Zheng Zhenduo zhuan'' 《星隕高秋 : 鄭振鐸傳》(Star fallen at height of autumn: Biography of Zheng Zhenduo).

: Jinghua Press. * Lu, Rongchun. (1998). ''Zheng Zhenduo zhuan'' (Biography of Zheng Zhenduo) 《鄭振鐸傳》. Fuzhou: Haixia wenyi Press (華廈文藝出版社).

External links

A concise biography of Zheng (English)
* ttp://www.people.com.cn/GB/14738/14759/21864/2395015.html The Love story between Zheng and Gao (Chinese)br>President of "Pole Raising Club". Zheng Zhenduo 抬杠會長鄭振鐸 (Chinese)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zheng, Zhenduo 1898 births 1958 deaths Chinese archaeologists Yenching University faculty Republic of China journalists People's Republic of China writers Writers from Wenzhou Chinese publishers (people) Educators from Wenzhou Tsinghua University faculty Fu Jen Catholic University faculty Jinan University faculty Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1958 Chinese literary theorists 20th-century archaeologists